What is Value Investing?

What is Value Investing?

Different sources define value investing differently. Some say value investing is the investment philosophy that favors the purchase of stocks that are currently selling at low price-to-book ratios and have high dividend yields. Others say value investing is all about buying stocks with low P/E ratios. You will even sometimes hear that value investing has more to do with the balance sheet than the income statement.

In his 1992 letter to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders, Warren Buffet wrote:

We think the very term “value investing” is redundant. What is “investing” if it is not the act of seeking value at least sufficient to justify the amount paid? Consciously paying more for a stock than its calculated value – in the hope that it can soon be sold for a still-higher price – should be labeled speculation (which is neither illegal, immoral nor – in our view – financially fattening).
Whether appropriate or not, the term “value investing” is widely used. Typically, it connotes the purchase of stocks having attributes such as a low ratio of price to book value, a low price-earnings ratio, or a high dividend yield. Unfortunately, such characteristics, even if they appear in combination, are far from determinative as to whether an investor is indeed buying something for what it is worth and is therefore truly operating on the principle of obtaining value in his investments. Correspondingly, opposite characteristics – a high ratio of price to book value, a high price-earnings ratio, and a low dividend yield – are in no way inconsistent with a “value” purchase.
Buffett’s definition of “investing” is the best definition of value investing there is. Value investing is purchasing a stock for less than its calculated value.

Tenets of Value Investing

1) Each share of stock is an ownership interest in the underlying business. A stock is not simply a piece of paper that can be sold at a higher price on some future date. Stocks represent more than just the right to receive future cash distributions from the business. Economically, each share is an undivided interest in all corporate assets (both tangible and intangible) – and ought to be valued as such.

2) A stock has an intrinsic value. A stock’s intrinsic value is derived from the economic value of the underlying business.

3) The stock market is inefficient. Value investors do not subscribe to the Efficient Market Hypothesis. They believe shares frequently trade hands at prices above or below their intrinsic values. Occasionally, the difference between the market price of a share and the intrinsic value of that share is wide enough to permit profitable investments. Benjamin Graham, the father of value investing, explained the stock market’s inefficiency by employing a metaphor. His Mr. Market metaphor is still referenced by value investors today:

Imagine that in some private business you own a small share that cost you $1,000. One of your partners, named Mr. Market, is very obliging indeed. Every day he tells you what he thinks your interest is worth and furthermore offers either to buy you out or sell you an additional interest on that basis. Sometimes his idea of value appears plausible and justified by business developments and prospects as you know them. Often, on the other hand, Mr. Market lets his enthusiasm or his fears run away with him, and the value he proposes seems to you a little short of silly.
4) Investing is most intelligent when it is most businesslike. This is a quote from Benjamin Graham’s “The Intelligent Investor”. Warren Buffett believes it is the single most important investing lesson he was ever taught. Investors ought to treat investing with the seriousness and studiousness they treat their chosen profession. An investor should treat the shares he buys and sells as a shopkeeper would treat the merchandise he deals in. He must not make commitments where his knowledge of the “merchandise” is inadequate. Furthermore, he must not engage in any investment operation unless “a reliable calculation shows that it has a fair chance to yield a reasonable profit”.

5) A true investment requires a margin of safety. A margin of safety may be provided by a firm’s working capital position, past earnings performance, land assets, economic goodwill, or (most commonly) a combination of some or all of the above. The margin of safety is manifested in the difference between the quoted price and the intrinsic value of the business. It absorbs all the damage caused by the investor’s inevitable miscalculations. For this reason, the margin of safety must be as wide as we humans are stupid (which is to say it ought to be a veritable chasm). Buying dollar bills for ninety-five cents only works if you know what you’re doing; buying dollar bills for forty-five cents is likely to prove profitable even for mere mortals like us.

What Value Investing Is Not

Value investing is purchasing a stock for less than its calculated value. Surprisingly, this fact alone separates value investing from most other investment philosophies.

True (long-term) growth investors such as Phil Fisher focus solely on the value of the business. They do not concern themselves with the price paid, because they only wish to buy shares in businesses that are truly extraordinary. They believe that the phenomenal growth such businesses will experience over a great many years will allow them to benefit from the wonders of compounding. If the business’ value compounds fast enough, and the stock is held long enough, even a seemingly lofty price will eventually be justified.

Some so-called value investors do consider relative prices. They make decisions based on how the market is valuing other public companies in the same industry and how the market is valuing each dollar of earnings present in all businesses. In other words, they may choose to purchase a stock simply because it appears cheap relative to its peers, or because it is trading at a lower P/E ratio than the general market, even though the P/E ratio may not appear particularly low in absolute or historical terms.

Should such an approach be called value investing? I don’t think so. It may be a perfectly valid investment philosophy, but it is a different investment philosophy.

Value investing requires the calculation of an intrinsic value that is independent of the market price. Techniques that are supported solely (or primarily) on an empirical basis are not part of value investing. The tenets set out by Graham and expanded by others (such as Warren Buffett) form the foundation of a logical edifice.

Although there may be empirical support for techniques within value investing, Graham founded a school of thought that is highly logical. Correct reasoning is stressed over verifiable hypotheses; and causal relationships are stressed over correlative relationships. Value investing may be quantitative; but, it is arithmetically quantitative.

There is a clear (and pervasive) distinction between quantitative fields of study that employ calculus and quantitative fields of study that remain purely arithmetical. Value investing treats security analysis as a purely arithmetical field of study. Graham and Buffett were both known for having stronger natural mathematical abilities than most security analysts, and yet both men stated that the use of higher math in security analysis was a mistake. True value investing requires no more than basic math skills.

Contrarian investing is sometimes thought of as a value investing sect. In practice, those who call themselves value investors and those who call themselves contrarian investors tend to buy very similar stocks.

Let’s consider the case of David Dreman, author of “The Contrarian Investor”. David Dreman is known as a contrarian investor. In his case, it is an appropriate label, because of his keen interest in behavioral finance. However, in most cases, the line separating the value investor from the contrarian investor is fuzzy at best. Dreman’s contrarian investing strategies are derived from three measures: price to earnings, price to cash flow, and price to book value. These same measures are closely associated with value investing and especially so-called Graham and Dodd investing (a form of value investing named for Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, the co-authors of “Security Analysis”).

Conclusions

Ultimately, value investing can only be defined as paying less for a stock than its calculated value, where the method used to calculate the value of the stock is truly independent of the stock market. Where the intrinsic value is calculated using an analysis of discounted future cash flows or of asset values, the resulting intrinsic value estimate is independent of the stock market. But, a strategy that is based on simply buying stocks that trade at low price-to-earnings, price-to-book, and price-to-cash flow multiples relative to other stocks is not value investing. Of course, these very strategies have proven quite effective in the past, and will likely continue to work well in the future.

The magic formula devised by Joel Greenblatt is an example of one such effective technique that will often result in portfolios that resemble those constructed by true value investors. However, Joel Greenblatt’s magic formula does not attempt to calculate the value of the stocks purchased. So, while the magic formula may be effective, it isn’t true value investing. Joel Greenblatt is himself a value investor, because he does calculate the intrinsic value of the stocks he buys. Greenblatt wrote The Little Book That Beats The Market for an audience of investors that lacked either the ability or the inclination to value businesses.

What Is the Best Home Based Business To Start in 2013?

The first thing to keep in mind is that the best home business to start is one based on the internet. It is no secret that more and more people are buying products and services online and, as the sales of online business transactions continues to increase, sales in the offline world continue to decrease.To begin an online business from home you do not need a lot of technical skills or a lot of money to get started out. There is no age barrier, or level of education required, it does not matter about your current internet practical experience or even that you do not have any products to sell.The best home based business simply starts with no stock. So, how can you have a business without any stock to sell? Basically, you sell products and services on behalf of other people and when you sell them the product owner pays you a commission. This home based business model is called online affiliate marketing.Unlike a traditional offline trading business, an online affiliate marketer does not have to buy the stock before he or she goes on to sell it. Firstly, you find products and services which are currently popular. This can either be physical products or digital products. Digital products are those which a buyer will download directly to their computer. This may be something like an education course.Once you have found a product, you promote it to a target audience who would be interested in it. When somebody buys it, you get paid a commission.For example, you can become an Amazon affiliate (which costs you nothing) and look for a product that interests you and that people are currently buying. Let’s say for example it is camping equipment. You insert an advertisement in an online camping magazine for the latest high-tech tent which you found on Amazon. When somebody clicks on your ad and buys the product, you will get paid a commission.This is why affiliate marketing is one of the best home based businesses to start. You do not have to worry about shipping the product, holding it in stock, sorting out any returns or any other customer queries.If you do not want to get involved with physical items and you prefer to have a home based business that sells digital products, you can find a huge selection at Clickbank. This is an online marketplace that deals in thousands of digital products for many different markets. Again, there is no cost to become a Clickbank member.Keep in mind that your home based business is a business and not a hobby. It will require work and some investment. Whilst the set up costs for the best home based business are a lot less than a traditional bricks and mortar business, it will need financial commitment for such items as a website, hosting, marketing, advertising, mentoring and education.An online home based business may not appeal to some individuals as they might believe that they do not have the technical skills required to get the best home based business possible. All of the reasons for not setting up a home based business on the internet can be readily overcome if you are prepared to learn and have the determination to build a sustainable and long term business.

What Are Some Proven Home Based Business Franchises?

Whether you are in California or Chicago, Russia or Hong Kong, McDonald’s is almost always the same. Of course there is a little distinction per country, but you get the same service, the same high quality food, the same cleanliness from every store they have regardless which state or country. This is the reason for the success of McDonald’s stores. The name itself has proven to attract customers. In franchising, the reputation of the business is very important if you want it to be successful. If you want to go into home based business you can ask yourself, “What are Some Proven Home Based Business Franchises?”Jani-king is a top choice for home based franchise. They have been franchising since 1974 and now have over 13,000 franchises all over the country. This janitorial services marketing could be started with a capital of around $11,000 to $35,000. What started as a modest way to earn extra money has turned into a highly profitable business. Buildings and offices will always need janitorial services so you can’t go wrong with this business.Jazzercise, Inc. is another great home based franchise. Beauty has been highly regarded in our society ever since. To have a great body and maintain it is even the obsession of many women. You can make money while having fun with this type of business. But word of caution, you must be trained and certified first before you can have a franchise.Finding the right tools that you can use to do repairs at home could be frustrating. With Snap-on tools you can have a wrench with five interchangeable handle so that you can do five different works also. This is a great way to save hence a potential profitable business for you to go into. Ever since Snap-on started franchising in 1991, they now have more than 4,000 franchises all over the country.These are just some of the top home based franchises you can go to. Remember to trust always franchises that have proven themselves in the business already. So each time you ask yourself this question, “What are some proven home based businesses?” then you know the answer.


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